[Ccpg] Where to Water, (in times of severe drought) Australia, interview with David Holmgren

[Wesley Roe and Santa Barbara Permaculture Network]

Where to Water

http://www.theage.com.au/news/in-depth/bmetrob-food-fighters-campaign-to-water-vegie-patches/2007/12/04/1196530674731.html

The inventor of permaculture is among those calling for backyard 
farmers to be freed from water restrictions. Katherine Kizilos reports.

IN A drought year, during an era of climate change, what does it mean 
to be a responsible gardener? Cactuses, paving and a sculpture near 
the barbecue? Or an old-fashioned vegie patch, fruit trees, herbs and 
a compost bin in the corner?

Some serious gardeners are now questioning the conventional wisdom 
that the best way to save water at a time of low rainfall is to put a 
clamp on the hose. While pushing the use of rainwater tanks and grey 
water, they also argue that growing fruit and vegetables at home is, 
in the words of David Holmgren, "the best thing you can be doing" for 
the environment.

Holmgren, with fellow Australian Bill Mollison, devised permaculture, 
a design system for sustainable living and land use. He puts his 
ideas into practice at his property, Melliodora, at Hepburn Springs, 
where a hectare of land supports fruit and nut trees, vegetables, 
chooks, geese and two goats. Although grains, some nuts and 
oil-producing plants are not in the mix, the property allows for a 
fair degree of self-sufficiency - Holmgren says this is also possible 
because he eats seasonally and does not rely on the "drip feed from 
supermarkets". Water comes from dams and from taps connected to town 
water. Holmgren says the smallholding uses about one-fifth of the 
water "used by a market gardener or orchardist".

According to Holmgren, "if we planted out city farms and urban areas, 
we could achieve a massive increase in (water) efficiency. No one is 
talking about this ".

Holmgren also points out that farms tend to be open expanses and need 
more water than a home garden, which is naturally more sheltered. In 
addition, "farmers use overhead sprinklers which are inefficient". 
And many orchards and market gardens are sited in sunny, warm places 
like Mildura, where the rainfall is low, but where farmers achieve a 
market advantage by producing fruit and vegetables slightly ahead of 
the season in colder, rainier Melbourne.

Holmgren has based his calculations on water use on a 2001 Australian 
Bureau of Statistics study by Lenzen and Foran. The study estimated 
"the amount of water needed throughout the whole economy to provide 
final consumers with $1 worth of various goods and services". It 
found that fruit and vegetables required 103 litres per $1; beef 
products 381 litres and dairy 680 litres.

By contrast, Melliodora uses about 20 litres of water for every $1 of 
fruit and vegetables produced, while the two goats that provide milk 
and cheese consumed about two litres per $1 of value, or 1/300th of 
the amount used by a dairy farm.

According to Lenzen and Foran's figures, commercially purchased food 
- not including the food purchased in restaurants - accounts for 
about 48 per cent of the water consumed by the average Sydney 
household. While the water that comes out of the tap at home accounts 
for only 11 per cent of a household's total water use.

For Holmgren, the data suggests that putting restrictions on watering 
suburban gardens makes little sense. He knows that water restrictions 
are necessary but proposes households be given a seasonal allocation 
of water, with the decision of whether to use this in the spa or on 
the tomatoes left to them. Under this system the price of water would 
"skyrocket if you exceed" the allocation.

"There are good public policy reasons that home food production is 
desirable," he says. "We need policies that at least don't impede 
this, even if they don't actively support it."

Holmgren's ideas have been given a boost by a recent petition to the 
State Government; hundreds of gardeners have asked for exemptions to 
the water restrictions to allow them extra water for vegetables and herb plots.

In suburban Coburg, Pam Morgan is conducting an experiment. "I want 
to explore how much food production I can get on a city block," she says.

For 22 years, Morgan managed the Collingwood Children's Farm and has 
visited Havana to see how the Cubans increased the city's food 
production by 10 times in a decade. "Fifty per cent of their food is 
grown there now."

By cultivating land in the city, the Cubans were responding to 
embargoes which slashed the amount of petroleum available to them to 
transport food; urban farms reduce food miles. Morgan also wants to 
recycle her household's biodegradable waste to create compost 
(commercial farms use petroleum-based chemicals and fertilisers). She 
also hopes to save water by using grey water and roof water.

Morgan argues that policy makers are approaching the water-shortage 
problem "from a mechanistic perspective. Minimal water use in the 
garden and drought-hardy plants. It ignores the issue of carbon 
recycling or organic waste and also of returning nutrients to the 
land. We are wasting resources from the city at the moment."

According to Clive Blazey, the founder of mail-order seed company The 
Diggers Club, the "average person only needs about 60 square metres 
of space to be self-sufficient in all the potatoes, all the 
vegetables and the fruit that you wanted to grow. You wouldn't have 
big, massive apple trees or anything. You would have espaliered 
trees, especially dwarf rootstock varieties that wouldn't take up 
much space". He reckons the garden would need "about 34,000 litres of 
water", which could be gathered from the roof, or grey water.

Blazey is concerned that the present system of water restrictions 
does not make allowances "for people on a low income who want to grow 
their own food" and who might need help to divert grey water or set 
up a rainwater tank. And he believes the role of suburban gardens in 
reducing greenhouse gases is not appreciated.

He is irritated by the prevailing landscape aesthetic which advocates 
paving gardens and planting cactus "so instead of burying carbon and 
doing something useful you are stopping any organisms from growing 
under the paving and you are using plants that have so little biomass 
they are absolutely useless to you. What you need to be growing in 
your backyard is a lot of green things. Trees and shrubs and plants 
and food plants and not paving, concrete and bricks."

But the water restrictions fall hardest on community gardens, where 
gardeners do not have the option of using grey water and where tank 
water, if it exists, may not be sufficient for each plot holder's 
use. In addition, the morning watering requirements can be difficult 
for gardeners who have to travel further than the back veranda to 
visit their plot (while also being less efficient than watering in 
the evening).

Ben Neil, chief executive of Cultivating Community, which looks after 
21 community gardens - just under 800 individual plots - on Ministry 
of Housing sites, says that when stage three water restrictions were 
introduced on January 1, "we lost 20 to 25 per cent of our gardeners. 
There was this initial feeling of 'how are we going to cope?' We lost 
quite a lot of crops."

Since then, "some people have been quite ingenious," he says. "A 
resident on the 17th floor has a pram and comes down with containers 
of water from the shower." Neil is now talking to the State 
Government about installing more rainwater tanks in community 
gardens, but he also believes policy makers need to look at 
food-producing gardens and water restrictions in a different way.

"I believe that if local food and urban agriculture are not part of 
our future, it will be very, very difficult for us to face the 
forthcoming environmental challenges," he says. "We must have people 
growing food in the city."

By making life more difficult for gardeners, particularly community 
gardeners, you are not merely depriving them of a recreational and 
social opportunity, Neil argues. "If I don't grow my food next to 
where I live, I will jump in my car and go to the supermarket and buy 
something that is refrigerated, wrapped in plastic and that has a 
massive carbon footprint.

"It's a no-brainer. If I can't grow food close to where I live, what 
am I going to do?"

www.communitygarden.org.au

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